Chemical Formula
Fe, <0.15% C, 11.5-13.5% Cr, >0.75% Ni, <1.0% Mn, <1.0% Si, <0.04% P, <0.03% S
Introduction
Grade 410 stainless steels are general-purpose martensitic stainless steels containing 11.5% chromium, which provide good corrosion resistance properties. However, the corrosion resistance of grade 410 steels can be further enhanced by a series of processes such as hardening, tempering and polishing. Quenching and tempering can harden grade 410 steels. They are generally used for applications involving mild corrosion, heat resistance and high strength.
Martensitic stainless steels are fabricated using techniques that require final heat treatment. These grades are less resistant to corrosion when compared to that of austenitic grades. Their operating temperatures are often affected by their loss of strength at high temperatures, due to over-tempering and loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures.
Key Properties
The properties displayed below are applicable to bar products of ASTM A276. Other products such as forgings, wire and plate may not have similar properties.
Composition
The compositional ranges of grade 410 stainless steels are displayed below.
Table 1 - Composition ranges of grade 410 stainless steels
Grade
|
C
|
Mn
|
Si
|
P
|
S
|
Cr
|
Ni
| |
410
|
min.
max.
|
-
0.15
|
-
1
|
-
1
|
-
0.04
|
-
0.03
|
11.5
13.5
|
0.75
|
Mechanical Properties
The typical mechanical properties of grade 410 stainless steels are listed in the following table:
Table 2 - Mechanical properties of grade 410 stainless steels
Tempering Temperature (°C)
|
Tensile Strength (MPa)
|
Yield Strength 0.2% Proof (MPa)
|
Elongation (% in 50mm)
|
Hardness Brinell (HB)
|
Impact Charpy V (J)
|
Annealed *
|
480 min
|
275 min
|
16 min
|
-
|
-
|
204
|
1475
|
1005
|
11
|
400
|
30
|
316
|
1470
|
961
|
18
|
400
|
36
|
427
|
1340
|
920
|
18.5
|
405
|
#
|
538
|
985
|
730
|
16
|
321
|
#
|
593
|
870
|
675
|
20
|
255
|
39
|
650
|
300
|
270
|
29.5
|
225
|
80
|
*Annealed properties of cold finished bar, which pertain to Condition A of ASTM A276.
# Tempering of grade 410 steels should be avoided at temperatures of 425-600°C, owing to associated low impact resistance.
# Tempering of grade 410 steels should be avoided at temperatures of 425-600°C, owing to associated low impact resistance.
Physical Properties
The physical properties of grade 410 stainless steels in the annealed condition are tabulated below:
Table 3 - Physical properties of annealed grade 410 stainless steels
Grade
|
Density (kg/m3)
|
Elastic Modulus (GPa)
|
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
(μm/m/°C) |
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m.K) |
Specific Heat 0-100°C
(J/kg.K) |
Electrical Resistivity (nΩ.m)
| |||
0-100°C
|
0-315°C
|
0-538°C
|
at 100°C
|
at 500°C
| |||||
410
|
7800
|
200
|
9.9
|
11
|
11.5
|
24.9
|
28.7
|
460
|
570
|
Grade Specification Comparison
Grade comparisons of 410 stainless steels are outlined in the following table:
Table 4 - Grade specifications of 410 grade stainless steels
Grade
|
UNS No
|
Old British
|
Euronorm
|
Swedish SS
|
Japanese JIS
| ||
BS
|
En
|
No
|
Name
| ||||
410
|
S41000
|
410S21
|
56A
|
1.4006
|
X12Cr13
|
2302
|
SUS 410
|
Possible Alternative Grades
The table below provides the suitable alternative grades to 410 stainless steels:
Table 5 - Possible alternative grades to 410 grade stainless steels
Grade
|
Reasons for choosing the grade
|
416
|
High machinability is required, and the lower corrosion resistance of 416 is acceptable.
|
420
|
A higher hardened strength or hardness than can be obtained from 410 is needed.
|
440C
|
A higher hardened strength or hardness than can be obtained even from 420 is needed.
|
Corrosion Resistance
Grade 410 stainless steels are resistant to hot gases, steam, food, mild acids and alkalies, fresh water and dry air. These steels obtain maximum corrosion and heat resistance through hardening. However, grade 410 steels are less corrosion resistant than austenitic grades and grade 430 ferritic alloys containing 17% chromium. Smooth surface finish offers improved performance of steels.
Heat Resistance
Grade 410 steels have good scaling resistance at temperatures of up to 650°C. However, the mechanical properties of the material will tend to reduce at temperatures ranging from 400 to 580°C.
Heat Treatment
Annealing - Grade 410 steels can be fully annealed at temperatures from 815 to 900°C, followed by slow furnace cooling and air-cooling. Process annealing of grade 410 steels can be carried out at temperatures ranging from 650 to 760°C and air-cooled.
Hardening – Hardening of grade 410 steels can be performed at 925 to 1010°C, followed by air and oil quenching. Heavy sections of grade 410 need to be oil quenched. Tempering, to enhance the mechanical properties and hardness of grade 410 steels, follows this process. It is not recommended to perform tempering at temperatures from 400 to 580°C.
Welding
Grade 410 steels can be welded using all conventional welding techniques, but the materials should pre-heated at 150 to 260°C followed by post-weld annealing treatment, to mitigate cracking. Grade 410 welding rods are recommended for tempering and post-hardening. In the "as welded" conditions, grade 309 filler rods can be used to achieve a ductile joint.
According to AS 1554.6 standards, grade 309 electrodes or rods are preferred for welding 410 steels.
Machining
Grade 410 steels can be easily machined in highly tempered or annealed conditions. However, it is hard to machine grade 410 steels if they are hardened above 30HRC. Free machining grade 416 is the best alternative.
Applications
Grade 410 stainless steels find applications in the following:
- Stainless Steel 410 (UNS S41000) Flanges, Stainless Steel pipes and nuts
- Petroleum fractionating structures
- Flange, pumps and valves
- Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings
- Gas turbines
